Complications of percutaneously placed uncovered metallic biliary stents for malignant obstruction: a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The aim of this systematic review was to determine the patency and complications related to percutaneous metallic biliary stent placement for malignant biliary obstruction in the current literature. Methods: This review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. EMBASE and PubMed were queried yielding 891 articles, 18 of which were included in the final analysis. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to appraise article quality. Patient demographics, technical success rate, and procedure outcomes were recorded. Complications were classified as "major" if they resulted in blood transfusion or additional invasive procedures or were reported as such in the literature. Complications that did not meet these criteria were classified as "minor". Results: A total of 1,453 patients (677 female; weighted age 66.8 years) underwent biliary stent placement. The weighted technical success rate was 97.7%. The incidence of stent occlusion was 13.5% with 6.6% of patients requiring further intervention to maintain patency. There were 277 (19.1%) complications, of which 87 were classified as major. The most common complications were pancreatitis (93, 6.4%), cholangitis (69, 4.8%), and bleeding (64, 4.4%). In cases of bleeding, 4.7% of patients needed a blood transfusion and 15.6% required a procedure to treat bleeding. There were 6 (0.4%) procedure-related deaths. Conclusion: In conclusion, percutaneous metallic stent placement for malignant biliary obstruction has a high technical success rate and relatively low rate of occlusion. Although nearly one in five procedures resulted in a complication, most cases were minor.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.045 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".