Intrastrain variability in memory formation of freshly collected Lymnaea stagnalis: The influence of stressor type on memory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding how environmental stressors influence memory formation is essential for evaluating the ecological and toxicological impacts of pollution on animal behavior. Using Lymnaea stagnalis snails collected from a pollutant-exposed freshwater creek in Canada, we investigated how distinct stressors affect learning and memory abilities and their underlying molecular mechanisms. In one procedure, pairing an appetitive cue with a predator-mimicking mechanical stressor (shell clip) revealed intra-strain variability in memory formation: only a subset of snails formed aversive memory, evidenced by reduced feeding upon cue re-exposure. This behavioral divergence correlated with increased expression of oxidative stress markers and plasticity-related genes in the central nervous system. In contrast, pairing the same cue with acute heat shock, known to induce a sickness-like state, resulted in long-term memory formation only in snails showing upregulation of cellular stress, immune-related, and neuroplasticity genes. Thus, both the nature of the stressor and individual physiological state shape memory outcomes, with Lymnaea engaging stressor-specific molecular programs to support learning. Importantly, this work positions Lymnaea as a valuable sentinel species in behavioral ecotoxicology. The transcriptional markers identified, such as LymHSP70, LymTLR4, and LymP2X, may serve as sensitive indicators of learning and memory disruption by environmental contaminants. By integrating behavioral and gene expression analyses, this study offers a promising framework for investigating how natural and anthropogenic stressors affect cognition, with broad applications for environmental monitoring, toxicology, and conservation biology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".