Stress-strain behavior of masonry boundary element prisms under axial compression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reinforced masonry shear walls (RMSWs) with masonry boundary elements (MBEs) are rectangular walls with integrated MBEs at wall extremities. The compressive stress-strain behavior of boundary element (BE) prisms built using C-shaped blocks (C-MBEPs) varies from that of regular stretcher prisms due to the continuity of the grout core (i.e., the absence of the block’s webs) and the higher grout-to-shell area ratio. However, few studies have investigated the stress-strain behavior of MBEs built from C-shaped blocks. This study evaluated the complete compressive stress-strain behavior of half-scale fully grouted C-MBEPs and their constituents (i.e., masonry shells and grout cores). In total, eight fully grouted masonry prisms, six ungrouted masonry shells, and 18 grout cores were tested under concentric compression loading. The test matrix is composed of two aspect ratios, two and five, and normal and high grout strengths. In addition, the effects of grout core curing (air- and wet-cured) were examined. The results for the grouted prisms were compared to four predictive equations from the literature to evaluate their ability to predict the peak strength of grouted C-MBEPs. The results showed that curing grout (i.e., either in water or air) has a negligible effect (∼ ±5 %) on its stress-strain behavior. The effect of the aspect ratio on the grout strength was lower than the 15 % expected from the correction factors suggested by CSA S304–14. In addition, the strength prediction equations for masonry prisms in the literature were found to misestimate the strength of C-MBEPs with an average overestimation of ∼70 % and underestimation of ∼40 % for prisms with an average grout strength of 30 MPa. Based on the experimental results, an equation was proposed to predict the compressive strength of MBE prisms, which was subsequently found to agree well with experimental data from the literature. This study helps elucidate the importance of masonry material constituents, geometry, and curing effects on the strength of masonry prisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".