Testing the effects of drought, parasite infection, and their interaction on freshwater snails
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Increased drought intensity and frequency pose a risk to freshwater ecosystems around the globe. We investigated the effects of water loss on snail–trematode interactions to determine how Helisoma trivolvis (Say, 1816) might respond to anticipated drought in natural systems and whether parasites might modify this response. Trematode-infected and uninfected H. trivolvis snails were experimentally subjected to drought conditions in microcosms over a 6-week (44 day) period. We found that drought-altered snail behavior but not mortality. Snails maintained under desiccated conditions were more likely to bury themselves under the sediment than snails that were maintained with constant water levels. Snails in the drought treatment did not exhibit higher rates of mortality than those in the perennial treatment. Rather, mortality appeared to be driven by an interaction between trematode infection and body size. Infected snails of all sizes and across treatments were more likely to die than uninfected snails, and within uninfected snails, larger individuals had increased odds of mortality. Infection also had pronounced effects on snail behavior, as snails with trematode infections were less likely to bury themselves. Our experiment highlights the potential interplay between drought and parasitism in affecting freshwater snail populations, warranting further investigation through larger-scale experiments and field research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".