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Record W4413031688 · doi:10.1080/19361610.2025.2544184

Cyber What???-a Systematic Review

2025· article· en· W4413031688 on OpenAlexaff
Susan Henrico, Dries Putter

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Applied Security Research · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicInformation and Cyber Security
Canadian institutionsArtificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)Institute on Governance
Fundersnot available
KeywordsComputer securityForensic engineeringEngineeringComputer science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Cybersecurity is a critical concern in contemporary digital environments, especially within the context of complex, interconnected systems. This study presents a systematic review of the complexities and inconsistencies surrounding the use of cyber-related terminology. A two-phased approach. The first part entailed using the PRISMA model to find relevant material, which was analyzed using ATLAS.ti software during the second phase. The analysis reveals ambiguity in cyber-related constructs, such as ‘cybersecurity’ versus ‘cyber security’, which impacts the clarity of research, policy development, and organizational practices, including education and training. Additionally, the study identified ‘cybersecurity’ as a primary security concern, interconnected with secondary and tertiary constructs. These relationships, visualized through ATLAS.ti Sankey diagrams, provide insight into how cyber-related constructs; all interrelated within the broader cyber ecosystem and within the dataset used for the study. This research is interesting and relevant because it clarifies the inconsistent use of cyber-related constructs and thus, each narrative constructed around cyberspace and its security. These taxonomic clarifications are also useful additions to curricula offering education and training in cyber-related subjects. Furthermore, organizations delivering security and/or intelligence services, within the context of cyber-related functional applications, can use such clarification to enhance their education, training materials, and functional environments.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.015
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.065
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Systematic review · Consensus signal: Systematic review
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.026
Threshold uncertainty score0.080

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0150.065
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0020.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0060.005
Bibliometrics0.0260.021
Science and technology studies0.0010.002
Scholarly communication0.0040.006
Open science0.0030.003
Research integrity0.0020.002
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0070.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.027
GPT teacher head0.351
Teacher spread0.324 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designSystematic review
Domainnot available
GenreReview

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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