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Record W4413031688 · doi:10.1080/19361610.2025.2544184

Cyber What???-a Systematic Review

2025· article· en· W4413031688 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Applied Security Research · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicInformation and Cyber Security
Canadian institutionsArtificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)Institute on Governance
Fundersnot available
KeywordsComputer securityForensic engineeringEngineeringComputer science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Cybersecurity is a critical concern in contemporary digital environments, especially within the context of complex, interconnected systems. This study presents a systematic review of the complexities and inconsistencies surrounding the use of cyber-related terminology. A two-phased approach. The first part entailed using the PRISMA model to find relevant material, which was analyzed using ATLAS.ti software during the second phase. The analysis reveals ambiguity in cyber-related constructs, such as ‘cybersecurity’ versus ‘cyber security’, which impacts the clarity of research, policy development, and organizational practices, including education and training. Additionally, the study identified ‘cybersecurity’ as a primary security concern, interconnected with secondary and tertiary constructs. These relationships, visualized through ATLAS.ti Sankey diagrams, provide insight into how cyber-related constructs; all interrelated within the broader cyber ecosystem and within the dataset used for the study. This research is interesting and relevant because it clarifies the inconsistent use of cyber-related constructs and thus, each narrative constructed around cyberspace and its security. These taxonomic clarifications are also useful additions to curricula offering education and training in cyber-related subjects. Furthermore, organizations delivering security and/or intelligence services, within the context of cyber-related functional applications, can use such clarification to enhance their education, training materials, and functional environments.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.008
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.927
Threshold uncertainty score0.664

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0080.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.002
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.001
Open science0.0020.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.027
GPT teacher head0.351
Teacher spread0.324 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it