Internal Pore-Water Pressure Measurements in Partially Frozen Sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A continuous internal water phase is a prerequisite for measuring pore-water pressure (PWP) within partially frozen soil to establish the internal effective stress. A new triaxial apparatus and test method is presented to examine continuity in the water phase and measure the internal PWP in partially frozen soil. A series of consolidated, undrained tests with Skempton’s B values determined following consolidation and then measurements of internal PWP were conducted for both dense and loose saline sand at temperatures of 23°C, −3°C, and −5°C. This unique set of measurements established continuity in the internal water phase in the sample of these partially frozen soils in comparison with the thawed samples. Continuity was confirmed using measurements between the internal filter-less rigid piezometers and the base PWP transducer. Hence, the base transducer measured PWP was validated to be representative of the whole sample. Pore ice was found to have minimal impact on B value for a sample with the continuous water phase. During shear, a continuous decrease in PWP was observed in partially frozen, loose samples, suggesting that dilatancy occurred due to the pore ice surrounding the sand particles and partially occupying the pore spaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".