Risk Factors for Severe Bronchiolitis in Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand Infants: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospital admission in Australasian infants. Infants with risk factors for severe disease may have a greater likelihood of prolonged hospitalisation and intensive care admission. This study aimed to synthesise the literature on risk factors for severe bronchiolitis in Australasian infants. METHODS: Systematic review including observational studies of risk factors for severe bronchiolitis in Australasian infants (< 12 months), published from 2000. Databases were searched (24 January 2024): MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library and CINAHL. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies, and evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Results were narratively synthesised. RESULTS: Ten out of 26 467 articles were included (N = 895 276; 12 cohorts, prospective = 5, retrospective = 7). Studies were mostly rated low RoB. There was evidence for the following risk factors: younger chronological age, prematurity, plural birth, comorbidity (chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, chronic neurological disease, any genetic disorder, any comorbidity), Indigenous ethnicity, economic disadvantage, tobacco smoke exposure and timing of illness onset at presentation. Most risk factors had moderate-quality evidence (range high to very low). Evidence was lacking for the following risk factors present in international literature: breastfeeding exposure and faltering growth. The following risk factors have not been reported in Australasian infants: trisomy-21, congenital diaphragmatic hernia and environmental pollutants. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for severe bronchiolitis in Australasian infants are largely consistent with the international literature, although evidence is lacking for some. Knowledge of these risk factors is highly relevant to those assessing infants with bronchiolitis, and in guiding targeted delivery of respiratory syncytial virus immunisation and other preventative programmes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42023463917).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".