Timing resolution of a TOF-DOI detector module prototype for positron emission tomography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract To increase the image quality and spatial resolution in positron emission tomography (PET), organ-dedicated and large axial field of view scanners require precise correction of the parallax errors at oblique angles via depth-of-interaction methods. In addition to their large solid angle coverage, time-of-flight (TOF) information, i.e., a high coincidence time resolution (CTR), can be exploited to increase the image signal-to-noise ratio and effectively boost system sensitivity. Due to the impact of the photon travel time spread (PTS) on the TOF resolution, a high DOI resolution is essential to correct the impact of the PTS on the CTR and achieve even higher timing resolution. In this work, we present a TOF- and DOI-capable detector block with a CTR of 187 ps (FWHM) to 213 ps (FWHM), read out with the NINO and TOFPET2 ASIC, and a DOI resolution of 3.4 mm to 4.7 mm (RMSE), which distinguishes at least two DOI layers in the detector. Additionally, we established benchmarks for the CTR with custom high-frequency readout electronics. With these, a CTR of 136 ps (FWHM) can be maintained for a single TOF-DOI unit channel in the detector block.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".