Regional Citrate vs. Systemic Unfractionated Heparin Anticoagulation for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Paediatric Patients: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) are subjects of controversy across paediatric patients. We conducted a search of the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases from inception to 2024. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of results; publication bias was investigated by Egger test. We conducted a search of the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases from inception to 2024, and 12 studies were included. Compared with UFH, RCA significantly prolonged circuit survival time (WMD 12.09, 95% CI: [4.48, 19.71], p = 0.002), reduced the risk of filter clotting (RR = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.42-0.85], p = 0.004) and bleeding (RR = 0.42, 95% CI: [0.23-0.79], p = 0.007). Although citrate anticoagulation was more likely to cause metabolic alkalosis (RR = 3.22, 95% CI: [1.34-7.75], p = 0.009) and hypocalcemia (RR = 2.92, 95% CI: [1.93-4.41], p < 0.001), metabolic complications were manageable and mild. Further subgroup analysis of paediatrics showed that, compared with children with an average weight > 10 kg, citrate anticoagulation significantly extended the circuit survival time of children with an average weight ≤ 10 kg (p < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the results were generally robust. RCA could be the first choice for anticoagulation in paediatrics, especially for infants weighing ≤ 10 kg.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".