The Impact of the Number of Ports on Perioperative Outcomes Following Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has emerged as a less invasive technique for treating resected lung cancer compared with open surgery. In recent years, the uniportal VATS technique has gained popularity for lung resection in small nodules and ground glass lesions. However, it remains unclear whether single-port VATS offers more favorable perioperative outcomes than multi-port approaches. This study aims to evaluate the perioperative outcomes of single-port versus 2-port and 3-port VATS in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. A literature search was conducted across 5 online databases (PubMed, CENTRAL, ProQuest, SAGE, and ScienceDirect). Meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. Study quality was assessed using the risk of bias tool in randomized trials (RoB 2) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, while meta-analysis was conducted with Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4. This study was registered in PROSPERO under protocol number CRD42025634395. A comprehensive initial search identified 9,178 records, of which 22 studies were included in the systematic review and 19 were incorporated into the meta-analysis, with a total of 3,324 participants. Compared with 3-port VATS, single-port VATS was associated with significantly lower intra-operative blood loss (mean difference [MD], -10.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], -17.37 to -3.66; p=0.003), shorter chest tube duration (MD, -0.71; 95% CI, -1.07 to -0.35; p<0.001), lower postoperative drainage volume (MD, -68.25; 95% CI, -117.64 to -18.87; p=0.007), shorter postoperative hospital stay (MD, -1.00; 95% CI, -1.65 to -0.35; p=0.003), and lower pain scores on postoperative day 1 and day 3 (MD, -0.73; 95% CI, -1.19 to -0.28; p=0.002; MD, -0.59; 95% CI, -0.85 to -0.32; p<0.001), as well as a reduced rate of postoperative complications (MD, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.99; p=0.04). No significant differences were observed between single-port and 2-port or 3-port VATS regarding operation time and number of dissected lymph nodes. The risk of bias was low, and the overall certainty was moderate. Single-port VATS is safe and feasible, with short-term outcomes comparable to those of 2-port and 3-port approaches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.032 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.018 | 0.049 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".