Genetic introgression of anadromous Atlantic salmon threatens persistence of a nonanadromous riverine population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The upper River Namsen harbours landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with a riverine life history, isolated 9500 years ago. This isolation is reflected in large genetic distances ( FST = 0.37) to anadromous salmon. During 1950–1976, thousands of fry of anadromous salmon were stocked annually in landlocked habitat, and from 1976, fish ladders allowed anadromous spawners access to a mixing zone in the lower landlocked stretch. We demonstrate limited hybridization between anadromous and landlocked salmon caused by fry releases (0.4%) and extensive hybridization following fish ladders to the mixing zone. There, anadromous salmon dominate with 76% in 1998 and 96% in 2017, whereas landlocked salmon decreased from 20% in 1998 to 0% in 2017, the remaining being hybrids. Hybrids were also identified among smolt-like juveniles in 1978. This suggests that hybrid individuals may outmigrate as anadromous salmon while landlocked salmon are resident. The outmigration of hybrids may lead to the recovery of landlocked salmon above the waterfalls, provided that anadromous salmon are not given access to the mixing zone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".