Improvement of Lower Facial Shape after Treatment with OnabotulinumtoxinA: Secondary Results from a Phase 2 Dose Escalation Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Masseter muscle prominence (MMP) contributes to a widened lower facial shape, considered aesthetically undesirable to some individuals. This study assessed lower facial shaping improvements with onabotulinumtoxinA. METHODS: In a phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled study, onabotulinumtoxinA (24, 48, 72, or 96 U) or placebo was injected intramuscularly (3 sites per masseter) into subjects with bilaterally symmetric "marked" or "very marked" MMP on the Masseter Muscle Prominence Scale (MMPS). Changes from baseline at day 90 in lower facial width, mandibular facial angle, investigator-rated MMPS response, subject-perceived symptoms, psychosocial impact of lower face appearance, and satisfaction with lower face on the Lower Facial Shape Questionnaire were assessed. RESULTS: Among 187 subjects (mean age, 35.4 years; 81.8% female; and 79.7% Asian), significant reductions from baseline in lower facial width and mandibular angle were achieved with all onabotulinumtoxinA doses versus placebo at day 90 ( P < 0.001, each parameter), continuing through day 180. At day 90, greater improvements in MMPS grade (all doses) and MMP signs, psychosocial impacts, and satisfaction were observed. CONCLUSION: OnabotulinumtoxinA treatment improved lower facial shape in individuals with MMP, producing a more desirable ovoid appearance for at least 6 months, with greater patient satisfaction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".