Taste genomics and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic qualitative meta-synthesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence suggests that genetic variations in taste receptor genes may influence dietary behaviors, energy homeostasis, and metabolic risk, contributing to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pathogenesis. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in taste receptor genes and T2DM. Methods: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines and was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42022351880). A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar through June 2025. Original studies examining SNPs in taste receptor genes among individuals with T2DM were included. Quality assessment was performed independently by using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: Sixteen studies involving diverse populations met the inclusion criteria. Significant associations with T2DM were observed for SNPs in type 2 taste receptor gene family R member 3 (TAS2R3; rs11763979), TAS2R4 (rs2233998), TAS2R7, TAS2R9, TAS2R38, TAS2R50, cluster determinant 36 (CD36; rs1761667, rs3211956, rs7755), carbonic anhydrase VI gene (CA6; rs2274327), transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1; rs161364, rs8065080), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M gene member 5 (TRPM5; rs4929982), and TRPM8 (rs12472151). These polymorphisms may alter taste perception and gut hormone responses [e.g., glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)], affecting dietary intake, satiety, insulin secretion, and glucose regulation. Discussion: The findings suggest that genetic variations in taste receptor genes may contribute to T2DM through behavioral and metabolic mechanisms. Incorporating gustatory phenotyping with genotypic profiling could enable personalized dietary strategies and inform novel therapeutic approaches targeting taste-mediated gut signaling. Further large-scale, multi-ethnic, and mechanistic studies are warranted to confirm these associations and elucidate their clinical implications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".