Understanding Dysmenorrhea in Individuals with Polycystic Ovary Morphology (PCOM)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• High prevalence of severe dysmenorrhea in patients with PCOM. • Heavy menstrual flow strongly predicts severe dysmenorrhea. • Gravidity appears protective against severe menstrual pain. • PCOM identified in nearly 20% of gynecologic ultrasounds. • Findings support targeted assessment for PCOM-related dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) are prevalent gynecological conditions with significant impacts on quality of life. Although traditionally viewed as separate entities, emerging evidence suggests a potential association. This study assessed the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea among individuals with PCOM and identified risk factors for severe dysmenorrhea. We conducted a retrospective observational study at a gynecologic ultrasound clinic in Hamilton, Canada, including patients aged 20–45 years diagnosed with PCOM between February and June 2023. PCOM was defined by ≥20 follicles and/or ovarian volume >10 mL without a dominant follicle, cyst, or corpus luteum. Dysmenorrhea severity was self-reported via a visual analogue scale (VAS; 0–10), with VAS ≥ 6 indicating severe dysmenorrhea. Statistical analyses included univariate comparisons and logistic regression. Among 1,321 scans, 243 patients (18%) had PCOM; 208 met inclusion criteria. Severe dysmenorrhea was reported by 61% (127/208). Univariate analysis linked severe dysmenorrhea with younger age, higher weight, heavy menstrual flow, dyspareunia, and infertility history; gravidity and previous pregnancies were protective. Logistic regression identified heavy menstrual flow (OR 16.32; p < 0.001) and referral for advanced endometriosis ultrasound (OR 4.34; p = 0.021) as independent risk factors, while gravidity was protective (OR 0.38; p = 0.016). Nearly 1 in 5 patients undergoing gynecologic ultrasound presented with PCOM, and a majority reported severe dysmenorrhea. Heavy menstrual flow and gravidity emerged as key factors influencing severity. These findings underscore the importance of targeted clinical assessment and raise questions about PCOM as a contributor to menstrual pain independent of polycystic ovary syndrome.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".