Study on the formation kinetics of ammonium bisulphate and ammonium sulphate in coal‐fired flue gas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Ammonium bisulphate (NH 4 HSO 4 , ABS) and ammonium sulphate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , AS), as inevitable by‐products in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) process, require a thorough investigation of their kinetics due to their presence in the SCR system. In this study, an autonomous experimental setup was constructed to systematically manipulate the residence time of gases by adjusting the gas intake, with the aim of probing into the generation kinetics of ABS and AS. The experimental findings unequivocally demonstrate that, in comparison to the AS generation reaction, the ABS generation reaction exhibits rapid kinetics. Within the range of gas residence times investigated in the experimental study, the ABS generation reaction had already reached equilibrium, whereas the AS generation reaction attained equilibrium only at a residence time of approximately 1.37 s. Leveraging the experimental data, predictive models for the deposition of ABS and AS were successfully developed, offering theoretical guidance for engineering practices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".