Approaches to map cortical excitability beyond the primary motor cortex – Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience, multimodal imaging and clinical applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Excitability is a neuronal property quantified as the magnitude of neural response to stimuli. It plays a crucial role in information processing and is disrupted in various neuropsychiatric conditions. In humans, non-invasive measurements of brain excitability have been mostly limited to the primary motor cortex. Here, the response to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is quantified as the magnitude of the muscular contraction. TMS mapping of brain excitability outside the motor cortex, simultaneously across brain areas, and in deep regions is challenging. Indeed, TMS has little depth penetration, and can only probe one cortical point at a time. Furthermore, the measurement of the responses to stimuli outside the motor cortex requires simultaneous neuroimaging, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Possible solutions include the application of stimulation approaches alternative to TMS, and the investigation of resting state properties of electromagnetic and hemodynamic brain activity. We show that, in combination with TMS or alone, neuroimaging will progressively allow non-invasive and accurate mapping of excitability with high spatio-temporal resolution, across the entire brain, and non-invasively. This will mark a critical advancement for stimulation thresholding in basic neuroscience and clinical medicine, as well as diagnostics of deviant excitability patterns in neuropsychiatric conditions. It is the aim of this review to critically discuss the state-of-the-art of whole brain excitability mapping and provide an outlook on neuroscience and clinical implications. • Cortical excitability usually measured with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over primary motor cortex. • Measure might not be reflective for other brain areas, especially association cortices. • We discuss potential of measures beyond primary motor cortex. • These include readouts such as behavior, EEG, fMRI and intrinsic stimulation-free measures. • Alternative measures bare great potential for clinical medicine and basic science applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".