A Prospective Single-Arm Trial of Genicular Artery Embolization for Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: Clinical and Biomarker Outcomes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of genicular artery embolization (GAE) and its longitudinal effects on biomarkers implicated in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, single-arm clinical trial of patients with symptomatic KOA resistant to conservative therapy for >3 months. Twenty-five patients who underwent GAE using 250-μm permanent microspheres were enrolled. Patient-reported outcome measures were evaluated at baseline and 1, 3, and 12 months following GAE. Blood samples were collected for biomarker analysis. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed at baseline and 3 months after GAE. The primary endpoint was the clinical success rate at 12 months, defined as 4 point decrease in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain score. Baseline and follow-up outcomes were analyzed using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. RESULTS: The technical success was 100%, with no severe adverse events. The clinical success rate was 62%. The mean visual analog scale pain score for the target knee decreased by 48.5% at 1 month, 50.8% at 3 months, and 55.4% at 12 months (P < .001). WOMAC pain scores improved by 39.6% at 1 month, 50.1% at 3 months, and 43.7% at 12 months (P < .001). There was a statistically significant decrease in the serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) at 12 months. The remaining biomarkers showed no significant change. CONCLUSIONS: GAE is a safe treatment for symptomatic KOA, providing clinically significant pain relief for a subset of patients. The observed reductions in serum VEGF and IL-1Ra levels following GAE may contribute to local pain relief and decreased inflammation in the knee joints.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".