Survey of blood lead levels in trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) in Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lead toxicosis in waterfowl has been well documented for a century, with the majority of studies analysed from carcasses of dead birds. Lead can remain in the environment for decades; the sublethal effects of lead remain unknown in the once extirpated trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) population in Ontario, Canada. The purpose of this study was to survey healthy, free-ranging trumpeter swans in Ontario to determine blood lead levels. Blood samples from 95 trumpeter swans in Ontario, Canada, revealed lead levels above 3.2 µg/dL in 90% of the birds, with 30% of the swans having blood lead levels exceeding 15 µg/dL. Furthermore, 11 birds from the population were admitted to wildlife rehabilitation centres with suspected lead toxicosis, with blood lead levels as low as 13.5 µg/dL. Three of the 11 birds were chelated for lead toxicosis, whilst the remaining eight received supportive care. These data show that lead toxicosis, even at low blood lead levels, could be a concern for the health and welfare of trumpeter swans in Ontario and for the potentially damaging ecological effects of lead ingestion by other animals. The long-term effects on the health of swans sampled in this study remain unknown.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".