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Record W4413167759 · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.07.155

Hybrid Deep Reinforcement Learning Agent for Online Scheduling and Control for Chemical Batch Plants

2025· article· en· W4413167759 on OpenAlex
Daniel Rangel-Martínez, Luis Ricardez‐Sandoval

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueIFAC-PapersOnLine · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicAdvanced Control Systems Optimization
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Waterloo
FundersConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
KeywordsReinforcement learningComputer scienceScheduling (production processes)Control (management)Artificial intelligenceEngineeringOperations management

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This study presents a framework for the implementation of a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agent for optimal scheduling and control integration on flow-shop batch plants with input variability. The agent is designed to take multiple decisions at every time interval which allows for the integration of scheduling and control. A hybrid agent with multiple decision outputs is used to perform online scheduling and control. To account for the short-term history of the process, the agent approaches the optimization problem as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP). The agent makes use of a set of Long Short-Term Memory cells (LSTM) to correlate sequential states from the environment to be aware of its evolution when taking decisions. To demonstrate the advantages and limitations of the hybrid agent, the method is implemented on a batch plant under variability in the inputs. Results showed that the agent’s policy reacted to the fluctuations in concentration from raw materials. To validate the proposed method, a comparison with an agent trained on an environment with fixed inputs was performed to demonstrate the adaptive behavior of the agent developed with the presented framework.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: Simulation or modeling
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.635
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.007
GPT teacher head0.235
Teacher spread0.228 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it