Temperature and printing axis effects on anisotropic sintering in binder jetting additive manufactured 17-4 PH stainless steel: Experimental and numerical study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of sintering temperature and printing orientation on anisotropic shrinkage in binder-jetted 17-4 PH stainless steel is investigated through a combined experimental and finite element modeling approach. Quasi-isotropic shrinkage is observed in the X–Y plane, while the Z-direction shows an anisotropic shrinkage ratio (ASR) up to 1.4, mainly due to primitive line collapse above 1250 °C when Grain boundary diffusion (Q = 100–125 kJ/mol) shifted to volume diffusion (Q = 250–320 kJ/mol). A similar activation energy was observed along the X, Y, and Z axes, but the transition temperature (1250 °C) is slightly higher than what is normally reported for conventional powder metallurgy (1000–1150 °C) due to carbon residue from the binder. Finite element simulations show higher shear (G = 12000 MPa s) and bulk (K = 26400 MPa s) modulus along the Z axis compared to the powder bed plane due to the directional pore distribution. As the temperature increases, pores become more homogenously distributed, leading to more isotropic shrinkage mechanisms and similar K and G values across the powder bed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".