Temperature and printing axis effects on anisotropic sintering in binder jetting additive manufactured 17-4 PH stainless steel: Experimental and numerical study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of sintering temperature and printing orientation on anisotropic shrinkage in binder-jetted 17-4 PH stainless steel is investigated through a combined experimental and finite element modeling approach. Quasi-isotropic shrinkage is observed in the X–Y plane, while the Z-direction shows an anisotropic shrinkage ratio (ASR) up to 1.4, mainly due to primitive line collapse above 1250 °C when Grain boundary diffusion (Q = 100–125 kJ/mol) shifted to volume diffusion (Q = 250–320 kJ/mol). A similar activation energy was observed along the X, Y, and Z axes, but the transition temperature (1250 °C) is slightly higher than what is normally reported for conventional powder metallurgy (1000–1150 °C) due to carbon residue from the binder. Finite element simulations show higher shear (G = 12000 MPa s) and bulk (K = 26400 MPa s) modulus along the Z axis compared to the powder bed plane due to the directional pore distribution. As the temperature increases, pores become more homogenously distributed, leading to more isotropic shrinkage mechanisms and similar K and G values across the powder bed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".