Urban Geochemical Contamination of Highland Peat Wetlands of Very High Ecological and First Nations Cultural Value
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Temperate Highland Peat Swamps on Sandstone (THPSS) are wetlands in the Blue Mountains, south-eastern Australia. The wetlands have legislative protection as endangered ecological communities. They have long-standing cultural significance for Gundungurra Traditional Custodians. Previous studies document their degradation by urban development and vulnerability to extreme weather. Water quality in our study was assessed at wetlands in protected areas and compared with others exposed to urban development. We derived water quality guidelines that are intended to help future water quality assessment at THPSS and, in particular, to detect any impact from urban development on these wetland systems. Water quality in urban swamps was consistent with the freshwater salinisation syndrome despite all the swamps having relatively low electrical conductance (<140 µS cm−1). Urban swamp water had salinity (mean 87.3 µS cm−1) three times that of non-urban swamps (mean 28 µS cm−1). The ionic composition of urban swamp water was dominated by calcium and bicarbonate, consistent with urban alkalisation syndrome. Our guidelines instead recommend limits for pH, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and metals detected in greater concentrations that were found in urban swamps (iron, manganese, barium, and strontium). Our results support the theory that the dissolution of urban concrete materials is a degradation process that contributes to the impairment of urban swamp water quality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".