Nimotuzumab in the treatment of patients with locally advanced HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer in Indian setting: A health-economic evaluation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: The addition of nimotuzumab to concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CTRT) has improved outcomes, including progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in human papilloma virus (HPV)-negative oropharyngeal cancers (OPC). Objectives: This study primarily assessed the cost-effectiveness of nimotuzumab plus CTRT versus CTRT alone in HPV(-) OPC in India by estimating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). The secondary objectives included comparing clinical outcomes, including life-years gained and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), between the two strategies. Materials and Methods: A decision-tree model was developed in Microsoft Excel to assess the cost-effectiveness of nimotuzumab plus CTRT versus CTRT alone for HPV(-) OPC. Health states included locoregional control (LRC), adverse drug events (ADEs), and PFS. The model, from the Indian payer’s perspective, used a 2-year time horizon and applied a 3% annual discount rate. Primary outcomes were ICER and QALYs. Model robustness was confirmed through probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). Results: In the base-case analysis, total costs and QALYs for nimotuzumab plus CTRT versus CTRT alone were ₹9,91,872 versus ₹8,75,180 and 1.262 versus 0.628, respectively. The incremental cost and QALY gain with nimotuzumab were ₹116,692 and 0.634, respectively. The ICER was ₹183,952 per QALY, well below the willingness-to-pay threshold of ₹300,000 per QALY, indicating cost-effectiveness. Net monetary benefit (NMB) and net health benefit (NHB) associated with nimotuzumab were ₹73,508 and 0.245, respectively. Conclusion: Nimotuzumab plus CTRT is a cost-effective option compared with CTRT alone for treating HPV(-) OPC in the Indian healthcare setting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".