Hypolimnetic photosynthesis precedes a <i>Microcystis</i> bloom in a temperate, oligo-mesotrophic, naturalized reservoir
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Harrison JW, Heitman GC, Parsons BM. 2025. Hypolimnetic photosynthesis precedes a Microcystis bloom in a temperate, oligo-mesotrophic, naturalized reservoir. Lake Reserv Manage. 41:194–209.Lake Eugenia is a low-nutrient, naturalized reservoir in Ontario (Canada) that has experienced cyanobacterial blooms for decades. Shoreline residents are concerned that water quality is worsening due to recent large blooms of Microcystis. We used traditional limnological sampling and high-frequency sensor installations to characterize spatial and temporal patterns in water-column stratification, dissolved oxygen, internal phosphorus loading, and phytoplankton biomass and community composition. There was no evidence of anoxia-driven internal loading due to ephemeral stratification in the shallow areas of the lake, whereas the deep (∼10 m) area stably stratified, leading to hypolimnetic anoxia and internal loading. A deep peak in chlorophyll a fluorescence and diel variation in dissolved oxygen (indicative of photosynthetic activity) were observed at 9 m depth, just above the euphotic depth, prior to the appearance of Microcystis in the epilimnion. The presence of Microcystis in the hypolimnion was later confirmed via microscopy. These results suggest that Microcystis was actively growing within the hypolimnion prior to blooming within the mixed layer. An alum application was recommended to reduce the internal phosphorus load and therefore the biomass of cyanobacteria in Lake Eugenia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".