<scp> <i>JWST</i> </scp> Imaging of the Closest Globular Clusters— <scp>VI</scp> . The Lowest‐Mass Objects in M 4 and the Galactic Bulge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT We present James Webb Space Telescope observations of M 4—the closest globular cluster—that probe the lower Main Sequence down to the hydrogen‐burning limit. The unveiled stellar sequence reaches much fainter luminosities than previously possible, revealing a few extremely red objects that are consistent with brown dwarfs as cool as . However, the lack of a second JWST epoch presently prevents us from verifying the cluster membership of these objects. By cross‐matching our data with archival Hubble Space Telescope images, we are able to verify cluster membership for a subset of objects down to . The observed color distribution indicate that the lower Main Sequence of M 4 is likely deficient in oxygen compared to its higher‐mass post‐Main Sequence members by . This feature has now been observed in three different globular clusters (M 4, NGC 6397 and 47 Tuc), suggesting a general trend. Finally, we derive the mass function of the Galactic bulge in the background of M 4. The mass function was found to have the bottom‐heavy slope of and appears to terminate at , although the latter value may be overestimated due to the limited sample size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".