Efficacy of various agro-chemicals on the populations of litter cryptostigmatids in undisturbed grassland ecosystems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study investigated the impact of agro-chemicals on the abundance of litter cryptostigmata in an undisturbed grassland habitat characterized by a thick mat of grass. The agrochemicals examined included insecticides (phorate, carbofuran, and chlorpyrifos), an acaricide (dicofol), a fungicide (carbendazim), as well as neem cake and water-soluble fertilizers applied at a rate of 50:40:25 kg NPK per hectare. Among the treated plots, carbofuran demonstrated significantly higher toxicity to Cryptostigmata in the litter samples compared to the control. The order of toxicity to Cryptostigmata was carbofuran = fertilizer = carbendazim = neem cake = dicofol = chlorpyriphos = phorate < control. However, maximum reduction of Cryptostigmata was observed in chlorpyriphos-treated plots 10 days after treatments. Key Words: Cryptostigmata, Insecticide, Fungicide, Acaricide, Fertilizers, Neemcake References Andres, P. and Domene, X., 2005. 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Short-term effects of insecticidal applications on predacious arthropods and oribatid mites in Kentucky blue grass turf. Environ. Entomol., 12(12): 1260-1264. Cole, L., Buckland, S.M. and Bardgett, R.D., 2008. Influence of disturbance and nitrogen addition on plant and soil animal diversity in Grassland. Soil. Biol.Biochem., 40: 505-514. Colinas, C., Ingham, E. and Molina, R., 1994. Population responses of target and non- target forest soil organisms to selected biocides. Soil Bio. Biochem., 26(1): 41-47. Endlweber, K., Schadler, M. and Scheu, S., 2006. Effects of foliar and soil insecticide applications on the collembolan community of an early set-aside arable field. Applied Soil Ecology, 31: 136-146. Everts, J.W., Aukema, B., Hengeveld, R. and Koeman, J.H., 1989. Side effects of pesticides on ground-dwelling predatory arthropods in arable ecosystems. Environ Pollut., 59(3): 203-25. Forster, B., Garcia, M., Francimari, O. and Rombke, J., 2006. Effects of carbendazim and lambda-cyhalothrin on soil invertebrates and leaf litter decomposition in semi-field and field tests under tropical conditions (Amazonia, Brazil). European Journal of Soil Biology, 42: 171–179. Frampton, G.K. and van den Brink, P.J., 2007. Collembola and macro-arthropod community responses to carbamate, organo-phosphatic and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: direct and indirect effects. Environ Pollut., 147(1): 14-25. Garcia, M., 2004. Effects of pesticides on soil fauna: Development of ecotoxicological test methods for tropical regions zentrum tur ent wicklung storschung center for development Research. Ecology and Development Series No .19. University of Bonn. Kong, W.D., Zhu, Y.G., Fu, B.J., Han, X.Z., Zhang, L. and He, J.Z., 2008. Effect of long- term application of chemical fertilizers on microbial biomass and functional diversity of a black soil. Pedosphere, 18(6): 801-808. Krogh, P.H., 1991. 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(doi:10.58682/JSBE.44.1/SVKI8099) Pimental, D., 1992. Forward. In: Ecological processes in agro- ecosystems, (Eds: M. Shiyomi, E. Yano, H. Koizumi, D.A. Andow and N. Hokyo), Japan. 1-2 pp. Rashmi, M.A., 2009. Role of agrochemicals on soil faunal composition in grassland ecosystem. M.Sc. (Agri) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, pp. 125 127. Sarath, B.B. and Gupta, G.P., 1986. Effect of systemic insecticides on the population of soil arthropods in cotton field. J.Soil Biol. Ecol., 6(6): 32-41. Singh, R. and Gupta, G.P., 1993. Impact of insecticidal schedules on soil arthropods in cotton ecosystem. J.Soil Biol. Ecol., 13(1): 50-56. Stark, J.D., 1992. Comparison of the impact of neem seed kernel extract formulation, Margosan- O and chlorpyriphos on non-target invertebrates inhabiting turf grass. Pesticide Sci., 36(3): 293-299. Sundararaj, N., Nagaraju, S., Venkataramu, M. N. and Jagannath, M. K., 1972. Design and Analysis of field experiments, UAS, Bangalore, pp. 419. Tadros,M.S. and Carey, W.F., 1982.Effect of a single application of chlorpyriphos on soil micro-arthropods existing in a turf plot, with reference to existing residues of chlordane, Dursban and DDT (Eds: Griffiths, D.A. and Bowman, C.E.), Acarology 2, Ellis Horwood Limited, England, pp. 941-950. Tomlin, A.D., 1977. Toxicity of soil applications of the fungicide benomyl and two analogues to three species of Collembola. Can.Ent., 109: 1619- 1620. Yang, X., Warren, M. and Zou, X., 2007.Fertilization responses of soil litter fauna and litter quantity, quality, and turnover in low and high elevation forests of Puerto Rico. Applied Soil Ecology, 37: 63-71. Yen, J.H., Chang, J.S., Huang, P.J. and Wang, Y.S., 2009. Effects of fungicides triadimefon and propiconazole on soil bacterial communities. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B., 44: 681-689
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".