Class Actions, Climate Change, and the <i>Charter</i>: Is Success Possible in Common Law Canada?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: The global temperature is set to rise to irreversible and hazardous levels by 2030. In Canada and around the world, governments have been failing to act with the urgency these circumstances demand. Internationally, rights-based class proceedings have been used to pressure governments into action. In common law Canada, such proceedings would provide an opportunity for the judiciary to depart from the conservative approach to certification used in environmental class actions. While the first Canadian attempt is being brought in Quebec where a liberal approach makes authorization more likely, one successful class action will not be enough. Given that applicable rights can be found in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, climate change class actions in common law jurisdictions are possible, and they could play an important role in reducing emissions in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".