Prevalence of Three Prominent Corticosteroid Side Effects in a Large Asthma Population by Age, Sex and ICD-10 Asthma Severity with Recommendations for Screening
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The adverse effects of corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of asthma have been extensively documented and explored over the past several decades. Prominent among these adverse effects are osteoporosis, cataracts, and osteonecrosis. We assessed the prevalence of these 3 well-known side effects of corticosteroid therapy for asthma in asthmatics versus nonasthmatics from a general adult population of 3.5 million individuals. The objective of the study was to make data-driven recommendations regarding screening for the 3 aforementioned comorbidities in specific asthmatic populations. METHODS: Using the Colorado all payers claims database with dates of service January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2020, we determined the prevalence of osteoporosis, cataracts, and osteonecrosis by asthma severity, age, and sex compared with an age and sex matched nonasthmatic comparator group. FINDINGS: Asthmatics generally showed an earlier onset and higher prevalence of these 3 side effects which correlated with asthma severity, often reaching statistically significant divergence from the nonasthmatic comparator group. Patterns of prevalence with regard to both age and sex were distinctive for each side effect. IMPLICATIONS: Based on our findings, we suggest customized screening guidelines for osteoporosis, cataracts, and osteonecrosis for specific subpopulations of asthmatics as defined by age, sex, and asthma severity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".