Gustatory receptors interact with the serotonin pathway to regulate silkmoth stereotyped courtship behavior
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gustatory receptors (GRs) are known to mediate responses to various chemical stimuli including sugars and bitter compounds and sex pheromones. Although numerous types of GRs have been identified across insect species, the physiological roles of most GRs remain largely unknown. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is representative of the order Lepidoptera, which includes over 70% of agriculturally important pest species. A notable feature of GRs in B. mori is that most GRs are organized in clusters, making them highly suitable for large-scale genetic studies. RESULTS: Here we developed a transcription activator-like effector nuclease-mediated gene cluster replacement system, enabling functional studies beyond single-gene resolution. Using this system, we deleted the GR27-31 cluster in B. mori, which includes 12 GRs spanning approximately 82 kb of genomic sequence. Loss of GR27-31 function results in significant time retardation of courtship by impairing the ability of male silkmoths to seek female silkmoths. Electroantennogram analysis revealed that GR27-31 mutant male silkmoths did not change their responses to volatile sex pheromones of bombykol and bombykal compared with wild-type silkmoths, indicating that GR27-31 mutation did not affect male-female sex pheromone responses at the peripheral level. Subsequent molecular analysis revealed that mRNA relative expression of serotonin receptors was significantly affected in mutant silkmoths. CONCLUSIONS: The current study provides the first genetic and phenotypic evidence that GRs modulate male-female courtship in B. mori. Furthermore, the results revealed for the first time that the serotonin pathway is associated with GR regulation of courtship behavior in insects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".