Point-of-Care Breast Imaging for Monitoring Neoadjuvant Treatment: Case Studies With Transmission-Based Microwave Imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to track changes in tissues due to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a transmission-based microwave imaging system that scans the entire breast and is fast, comfortable and suited to point-of-care implementation. METHODS: Microwave scans are collected with patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Specifically, both breasts are scanned prior to each cycle of chemotherapy. The microwave scanner consists of planar transmit and receive arrays that are placed in contact with the breast. Signals with frequency content from 0.1 to 8 GHz are transmitted through the tissue, and the travel time of these signals is used to estimate the microwave frequency properties (permittivity). Property estimates at each sensor pair are mapped to the imaging plane. RESULTS: Case studies are presented for 6 patients. Comparison of the scans of left and right breasts suggests increased properties related to the presence of the tumor at the initial scan. Consistent properties are observed for the contralateral breast at different time points, while changes in the breast with the tumor are noted. In addition, differences between the breasts are more clearly depicted in dense breasts. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the potential for a transmission-based microwave scanner to provide feedback on treatment progress. SIGNIFICANCE: Point-of-care microwave imaging has the potential to offer regular, quantitative feedback on treatment progress as an alternative to palpation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".