Direct relaxation method to calculate stresses induced by gravel particles in a geomembrane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new method, direct stress relaxation, was developed, verified and applied to calculate local geomembrane stress from local strain induced by gravel particles. The method utilizes the fading memory concept whereby the deformation path is taken to have a minor effect on stress if strains remain constant for some time before calculating stress. The method requires a geomembrane time-dependent material model, test time and final local strain to calculate stress. The method was tested against, and was in good agreement with, stresses from finite element models simulating physical tests. The new method was applied to analyse the deformed shape of a geomembrane from a physical test with coarse gravel above a geomembrane to examine new insights into local stresses gained from protection layer testing. Local strains were deduced from the deformed shape using thin plate theory and strains were converted to local stress by the direct stress relaxation method. The local stress results showed that different major tensile strain can develop under different major and minor local stresses. The new direct stress relaxation method now provides the ability to calculate local stress in addition to just strain, which may be used to unlock new insights into local stress rupture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".