Formation and development of regional economic integration in North America (a case study of NAFTA)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study focused on analysing the stages of development and formation of regional economic integration in North America. The methodology involved a comprehensive assessment of the evolution of integration processes and their impact on the participating states’ economies, political systems, and social aspects. The research examined the legal framework and economic changes resulting from integrating the USA, Canada, and Mexico under the North American Free Trade Agreement and its modern successor, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement. Attention was given to various forms of regional integration, ranging from free trade areas to political unions. A key aspect of the study was the legal regulation of integration processes, including the harmonisation of national legislation with international agreements and the role of supranational bodies in ensuring compliance and resolving disputes. The study examined the economic and political prerequisites for the agreement’s conclusion, as well as the legal mechanisms governing international trade, investment, intellectual property, and dispute resolution. The United States’ exports to Canada increased from USD 43.5 billion in 1994 to USD 91.9 billion in 2019, while exports to Mexico rose from USD 50.8 billion to USD 256.4 billion over the same period. Similarly, imports from Canada grew from USD 31 billion to USD 202.7 billion, and imports from Mexico followed the same trend, increasing from USD 31 billion to USD 202.7 billion. Notably, the USA’s exports to USMCA member states rose from USD 580 billion in 2020 to USD 860 billion in 2023, while Canada’s exports increased from USD 230 billion to USD 520 billion, and Mexico’s from USD 250 billion to USD 540 billion. The practical significance of the study lies in the potential application of its findings to enhance the legal mechanisms of regional integration, formulate economic and environmental policies, and support decision-making in international trade, investment, and labour standards by governments and international organisations
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".