Imaging of post-tuberculosis lung disease cases in children and adolescent survivors: a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD) causes health problems among pulmonary TB (PTB) survivors. Post-TB patients may suffer from chronic respiratory symptoms, declining lung function, and persistent radiological abnormalities. However, studies regarding PTLD in children and adolescents are still scarce. Patterns of radiological abnormalities, including chest X-ray (CXR) imaging, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in post-TB children, and adolescents are not fully understood. Aim: In this study, we aim to review and analyse radiological features in children and adolescent TB survivors of the literature on the differences in imaging findings in drug-resistant (DR) and drug-sensitive tuberculosis (DS TB) children and adolescent TB survivors. Method: We performed a systematic review to determine imaging patterns of DR and DS TB in children and adolescent survivors. Data collected include study design, number of subjects, age, TB category, treatment duration, time of evaluation, and imaging patterns. We searched MEDLINE/Pubmed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane Library, and Proquest and included four studies for data analysis. Study quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa score. Result: Studies included 151 children and adolescents aged 0-17 years. Three out of four studies were conducted on DS-TB patients and one study compared DS- and DR-TB. Radiological abnormalities observed by CXR at TB treatment completion include calcification in the presence or absence of fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and destroyed lung, or lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis. Micronodules are most often seen in HRCT in the acute early stages of TB and were not seen in standard chest radiography. Cavities persisted in almost 50% of patients after TB treatment and fibrotic changes increased after treatment. Conclusion: Imaging abnormalities after TB treatment are often seen in children and adolescents. Imaging evaluation should be performed in PTB survivors, especially in those with moderate or advanced lesions during active disease and those with severe clinical manifestations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.010 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".