Preliminary Efficacy of Face-to-Face, Telerehabilitation, and Home Program–Based Task-Oriented Circuit Training on the Cognitive and Motor Functions of Older Adults: A Single-Blind Randomized Feasibility Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Task-oriented circuit training (TOCT) is a structured intervention to enhance older adults' cognitive and motor functions. However, the feasibility and effectiveness of TOCT delivered through face-to-face, telerehabilitation, and home-based methods remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of TOCT delivered through different modalities on cognitive and motor functions in older adults. DESIGN: A randomized feasibility study. SETTING: A state-operated skilled nursing facility in Turkey that provides daily-living assistance with on-site medical coverage for emergencies. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-four older adults (ages ≥65 yr). Inclusion criteria included Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores >18. Adults with moderate or severe impairment (MMSE scores ≤18) were excluded. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly assigned to face-to-face, telerehabilitation, or home-based TOCT. They engaged in structured TOCT activities to improve joint protection, memory, attention, and fine motor skills. Sessions were delivered for 60 min daily for 2 wk. Pre- and postintervention assessments were conducted. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Assessments included the MMSE, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Nine-Hole Peg Test, and subscales of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. RESULTS: Face-to-face TOCT showed the greatest cognitive improvements (MMSE: d = 1.52), whereas telerehabilitation improved energy and vitality levels (d = 0.91) and social functioning (d = 1.41). Home-based training showed the smallest improvements overall. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: TOCT through face-to-face and telerehabilitation methods effectively improved cognitive and motor functions. Face-to-face training yielded the greatest cognitive benefits, whereas telerehabilitation enhanced quality of life. Home-based interventions had limited impact. Future research should explore long-term outcomes and refine home-based programs. Plain-Language Summary: As people age, cognitive and motor skills decline, making daily activities harder. This study examined task-oriented circuit training, a structured program delivered through face-to-face, telerehabilitation, and home-based methods. Face-to-face training showed the greatest cognitive improvements, whereas telerehabilitation enhanced energy and vitality levels and social participation. Home-based programs had minimal benefits. These findings support remote task-oriented circuit training as a viable option, although further research is needed to improve home-based interventions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".