Risk factors for hypertension complicated with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol (Preprint)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the aging of society, hypertension (HTN) and sarcopenia (SAR) are common diseases among the elderly. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to identify the risk factors of HTN complicated with SAR, and to provide a reference basis for primary prevention and early intervention of SAR in middle-aged and elderly patients with HTN. METHODS This meta-analysis will include observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) in humans in which the role of risk factors for hypertension complicated with sarcopenia was investigated. Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CNKI, Wangfang, Vip, and Sionmed will be searched in June, 2025 using a comprehensive search strategy and manual screening of references. Two reviewers will independently identify eligible studies and extract the data from the included studies. The quality of studies will be assessed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Fixed-effects models will be used to estimate pooled measures of association (where feasible). Meta-regression analyses will be conducted to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity. The Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement will be followed for reporting. RESULTS - CONCLUSIONS Deepening knowledge regarding the etiology hypertension complicated with sarcopenia and potential implications of risk factors in this disease is instrumental for prevention of this often-aging disease. This review will produce summarized current evidence on this topic. Systematic review registration: CLINICALTRIAL This systematic review protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD420251074136) on 15 June 2025.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.034 | 0.053 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.019 | 0.020 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.082 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".