The relationship between sarcopenic obesity and cognitive functionality among inpatients with stable schizophrenia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with schizophrenia face an elevated risk of sarcopenic obesity (SO) due to antipsychotic-induced metabolic dysfunction, physical inactivity, and nutritional deficiencies. Although recent studies suggest an association between SO and cognitive decline, its specific impact on cognitive function in schizophrenia remains to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic concordance between the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism/European Association for the Study of Obesity (SOESPEN) criteria and its modified version (SOESPEN-M), and to examine their respective associations with cognitive function in inpatients with stable schizophrenia. METHODS: In this cross-sectional analysis, 228 adults with stable schizophrenia were recruited. SO was diagnosed using two definitions: SOESPEN (excess adiposity, low muscle mass-to-weight ratio, and reduced handgrip strength) and SOESPEN-M (BMI-adjusted muscle mass threshold). Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Chinese version (MoCA-C). Multivariate linear regression models were employed to evaluate associations between SO and MoCA-C scores, adjusting for relevant demographic, clinical, and comorbidity-related variables. RESULTS: SO prevalence was 17.1% under both diagnostic criteria, with moderate inter-criteria agreement (κ = 0.660). Sex-stratified analyses revealed divergent diagnostic trends: in males, SO prevalence increased from 15.9% (SOESPEN) to 22.5% (SOESPEN-M; κ = 0.698); in females, prevalence decreased from 18.9% to 8.9% (κ = 0.590). Across both criteria, SO groups demonstrated significantly lower MoCA-C scores (males: 16 vs 20, p = 0.045 for SOESPEN; 13 vs 21, p < 0.001 for SOESPEN-M; females: 11 vs 17, p = 0.009 for SOESPEN; 10.5 vs 17, p = 0.036 for SOESPEN-M). Multivariate analysis confirmed that SOESPEN-M-defined SO was independently associated with lower MoCA-C scores in males (β = -2.71, 95% CI: -5.08 to -0.33, p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that SO defined by SOESPEN-M criteria is significantly associated with cognitive impairment in male inpatients with stable schizophrenia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".