A chromosome-level <i>Mitragyna parvifolia</i> genome unveils spirooxindole alkaloid diversification and mitraphylline biosynthesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) found in the Rubiaceae have varied pharmaceutical uses. Spirooxindole alkaloids are a structural subtype of MIAs with a unique spiro[pyrrolidine-3,3'-oxindole] ring system. Despite their intriguing structures and potent bioactivities, the evolution and diversification of spirooxindole alkaloids remain poorly understood. We report a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of Mitragyna parvifolia, a tree species of the Rubiaceae family that predominantly produces the spirooxindole alkaloid mitraphylline. Comparative genomics, including comprehensive synteny and phylogeny analyses across the MIA-producing order Gentianales revealed a whole-genome duplication event underlying the divergence of the Cinchonoideae alliance from the Coffeeae alliance, leading to diversification of MIA biosynthesis. Transcriptome analyses of young and mature leaves, stems, stipules, and roots integrated with MIA profiling and genome analyses revealed several candidates in the MIA biosynthetic pathway. Functional characterization of selected candidates led to the elucidation of the biosynthesis of the antiproliferative spirooxindole mitraphylline in M. parvifolia. These genomic and transcriptomic resources are invaluable to identify the evolutionary origins and diversification of MIAs and spirooxindole alkaloids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".