The role of cystatin C in kidney injury in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). In clinical practice, albuminuria and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are the main characteristics of DKD. Later studies revealed that interstitial damage is also observed as DKD occurs. Therefore, the application of a biomarker for early DKD detection was critical. This systematic review aimed to summarize the literature about the prognostic role of cystatin C in kidney injury in children and adolescents with T1D. METHODS: From inception until September 24, 2024, an extensive literature search through major databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus) was carried out to investigate the prognostic role of cystatin C in kidney injury in pediatric patients with T1D. The mean difference was used for continuous outcomes with 95%CI. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A quality assessment of included studies was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: We included eleven studies with 2199 participants in this systematic review. The meta-analysis included four studies. No statistically significant difference was observed in serum cystatin C levels between patients with T1D and the control group. CONCLUSION: Although individual studies showed some benefit of using serum cystatin C for the prognosis of DKD in pediatric patients with T1D, the meta-analysis of included studies reached no statistical significance. Future clinical studies should focus on the prognostic role of cystatin C (serum and urinary) in identifying kidney injury in pediatric patients with T1D.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".