Behavioral Activation for Perinatal Suicide Ideation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Importance: Suicide is a leading cause of maternal postpartum death. Evidence-based interventions are needed. Objective: To determine whether the likelihood of endorsing suicide ideation (SI) changed during a brief behavioral activation (BA) psychotherapy for perinatal depression irrespective of clinician or delivery types. Design, Setting, and Participants: This is a secondary analysis of a multisite, noninferiority, 4-arm randomized clinical trial called SUMMIT(Scaling Up Maternal Mental Health Care by Increasing Access to Treatment). SUMMIT compared clinicians (nonspecialist vs specialist) and modalities (telemedicine vs in person) in delivering BA. Participants were enrolled from January 2020 to October 2023. The study was conducted at university-affiliated networks in Chicago, Illinois; Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Toronto, Canada. Pregnant (≤36 weeks) and postpartum (4-30 weeks) adults with depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS] score ≥10) were enrolled. Secondary data analyses were conducted in November 2024. Intervention: A manualized 6- to 8-session perinatal BA intervention delivered weekly. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was SI, as measured by the EPDS item 10, assessed weekly and at 3 months postrandomization. SI endorsements were followed by the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) for further safety assessment. Results: A total of 1230 pregnant and postpartum adults were enrolled, among whom 1117 completed 1 or more treatment session and provided 1 or more week of EPDS data and thus were included in the current study. Of 1117 included participants, 264 (23.6%) endorsed SI during treatment, and mean (SD) age was 33.4 (4.9) years. Cumulative link mixed models indicated that the odds of endorsing SI decreased by 25% with each additional treatment session (odds ratio [OR], 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58-0.96; P = .03). The odds of endorsing SI decreased by 80% at 3 months postrandomization compared with any time during treatment (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.14-0.27; P < .001). The odds of endorsing SI did not differ between clinician type (nonspecialist vs specialist) or modality (telemedicine vs in person). Goodness-of-fit χ2 tests further indicated that participants were significantly more likely to endorse suicide thoughts on the C-SSRS at treatment onset compared with any other time point. Conclusions and Relevance: In this secondary analysis of the SUMMIT noninferiority randomized clinical trial, the likelihood of endorsing SI decreased over the course of a brief BA psychotherapy for perinatal depression and most significantly at 3 months postrandomization, irrespective of clinician or delivery types. BA may be one evidence-based, scalable approach for perinatal suicide prevention. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04153864.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".