Bone mineral platelets are mesocrystals formed by monoclinic nanocrystals
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Detailed multiscale models explain the complex hierarchical structure of bone but the crystal structure and precise organization of bone apatite nanocrystals are unknown. Crystal structure studies of bone mineral are difficult due to intimate structural intergrowth with organic matrix and small crystal size, (2-6 nm x 30-40 nm). Here, we present high resolution transmission electron microscope images of bone mineral platelets, which allow us to clarify both the crystal structure and morphology of bone mineral. We demonstrate that the mineral platelets are polycrystalline mesocrystals with flat faces formed by oriented attachment of several crystals parallel to the c -axis and flattened by the dominant (010) prism facets. Individual bone crystals have monoclinic symmetry, in contrast to hydroxyapatite, which is hexagonal. Interestingly, biomimetic apatite also exhibits monoclinic symmetry. These findings provide a plausible explanation for the observed flat platelet morphology of bone crystals, which plays a key role in collagen binding and is at odds with the hexagonal structure and morphology of geological apatites.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it