Bone mineral platelets are mesocrystals formed by monoclinic nanocrystals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Detailed multiscale models explain the complex hierarchical structure of bone but the crystal structure and precise organization of bone apatite nanocrystals are unknown. Crystal structure studies of bone mineral are difficult due to intimate structural intergrowth with organic matrix and small crystal size, (2-6 nm x 30-40 nm). Here, we present high resolution transmission electron microscope images of bone mineral platelets, which allow us to clarify both the crystal structure and morphology of bone mineral. We demonstrate that the mineral platelets are polycrystalline mesocrystals with flat faces formed by oriented attachment of several crystals parallel to the c-axis and flattened by the dominant (010) prism facets. Individual bone crystals have monoclinic symmetry, in contrast to hydroxyapatite, which is hexagonal. Interestingly, biomimetic apatite also exhibits monoclinic symmetry. These findings provide a plausible explanation for the observed flat platelet morphology of bone crystals, which plays a key role in collagen binding and is at odds with the hexagonal structure and morphology of geological apatites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".