Unusual lateral cord of the brachial plexus leading to variation of musculocutaneous and median nerves along with high division of the brachial artery and supernumerary bicipital head
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background The brachial plexus is a critical network of nerves that supplies sensory and motor innervation to the upper arm and shoulder extremity. Variations in its structure and function have significant implications for clinical practice. Case presentation This case report details the anatomical dissections of a 95-year-old female donor and an 87-year-old male donor, uncovering distinct variations in the brachial plexus, musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, biceps brachii, and brachial artery. In both cases, the musculocutaneous nerve was replaced by two smaller nerves originating from an unusually long lateral cord. In contrast, the median nerve was formed from a direct continuation of the lateral cord at the middle third of the arm. Additionally, the brachial artery was bifurcated in the middle third of the arm, creating an atypical vascular arrangement in one case, while the second case displayed a supernumerary bicipital head combined with the atypical morphology of the nerves. Conclusions These combined variations are rarely documented, and dissemination of such morphological diversity is important for medical education purposes. Awareness of complex variations as presented in those cases is critical to understanding diagnostics, vascular access, nerve-related conditions, and planning surgical procedures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".