Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract in amyloid PET-positive patients with mild cognitive impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with amyloid PET positivity represents a prodromal stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet no disease-modifying therapies are currently approved. Ginkgo biloba , traditionally used in East Asian and European ethnomedicine as an oral decoction or standardized extract to support memory and cognitive function, is commonly utilized, however, its efficacy as monotherapy in biomarker-confirmed MCI remains uncertain. Aβ oligomers, produced by abnormal cleavage of amyloid precursor protein, disrupt synaptic function and contribute to cognitive decline. Objective This study evaluated whether Ginkgo biloba alone, without adjunctive anti-dementia medication, could provide clinical and biomarker benefits in amyloid PET–positive MCI patients. Plasma MDS-Oaβ (Multimer Detection System–Oligomeric Aβ), a dynamic biomarker reflecting Aβ oligomerization tendency, was used to explore mechanistic relevance. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 64 amyloid PET–positive MCI patients were followed for 12 months. Participants received either oral Ginkgo biloba monotherapy (240 mg/day, n = 42) or standard cognitive enhancers ( n = 22). Clinical outcomes included the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating–Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Plasma MDS-Oaβ levels were assessed at baseline and at 12 months. Results At 12 months, the Ginkgo group showed significantly higher responder rates (100% vs. 59.1%, p < 0.001), no conversion to AD dementia (0% vs. 13.6%, p = 0.037), and greater improvement in K-MMSE and K-IADL scores. MDS-Oaβ levels decreased significantly in the Ginkgo group ( p < 0.001) but not in the control group. No significant between-group differences were observed in CDR-SB or NPI scores. Conclusion Ginkgo biloba monotherapy was associated with preserved cognition, improved daily functioning, and reduced plasma Aβ oligomerization in amyloid PET–positive MCI patients. These findings suggest potential disease-modifying effects and warrant further validation in prospective, biomarker-based clinical trials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".