Nutrient Profile, Energy Digestibility in Pigs, and In Vitro Degradation Characteristics of Wheat Flour Milling Co-Products
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using wheat flour milling (WFM) co-products in pig diets may reduce feed cost. Still, energy digestibility is lower for WFM co-products than for feed grains. Inadequate information exists about their fermentation characteristics and the relationship between digestible energy (DE) value and chemical characteristics or in vitro energy digestibility. The objectives were to (1) determine the chemical characteristics, in vitro and in vivo DE values, and energy digestibility of WFM co-products in growing pigs; (2) determine their in vitro microbial fermentation characteristics, and (3) establish relationships between in vivo DE value of WFM co-products and their chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, or in vitro digestibility values. Across Canada, 94 WFM co-products were sampled and characterized for their chemical composition and in vitro dry matter (DM) and energy digestibility using pepsin, pancreatin, and a multi-enzyme complex containing arabinase, β-glucanase, hemicellulase, xylanase, and cellulase. The in vivo energy, DM digestibility and DE value of 9 WFM co-products (2 shorts, 5 millrun, 1 middling, and 1 bran) were determined using a corn-based diet and 40 growing pigs in two periods to obtain 8 observations per diet. After in vitro digestion, the 9 WFM co-product samples were subjected to microbial fermentation using fresh fecal inoculum in a cumulative gas-production technique. The WFM co-products had a high content of crude fiber (up to 7.9% in shorts, 9.9% in millrun, 7.1% in middlings, and 12.0% in bran) and crude protein (CP; up to 27.8% in shorts, 20.0% in millrun, 22.1% in middlings, 15.9% in bran). The DE values ranged from 2.84 to 3.74 Mcal/kg DM among WFM co-products. Among chemical characteristics, neutral detergent fiber was the best predictor (R2 = 0.81) for in vivo DE value, followed by crude fiber (R2 = 0.78), and acid detergent fiber (R2 = 0.72). The in vitro DE values predicted (R2 = 0.80) in vivo DE values of 9 WFM co-products. Based on principal component analysis, total gas and short-chain fatty acid production varied among WFM co-products and was associated with the CP content of WFM co-products. In conclusion, WFM co-products contain high crude protein and have a high DE value for growing pigs but vary substantially in nutritional value.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".