Transforming Waste to Innovation: Sustainable Piezoelectric Properties of Pb(Ti<sub><b>0.52</b></sub>Zr<sub><b>0.48</b></sub>)O<sub><b>3</b></sub> with Recycled β-PbO Massicot
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide In this study, we present an indigenous approach to enhancing the properties of Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 by synthesizing it from β-PbO obtained from spent lead-acid batteries. Initially, β-PbO, orthorhombic massicot, was produced by two-step heating, and 99.9% lead powder was derived from recovered lead-acid batteries at 700 °C. The synthesized β-PbO was thoroughly analyzed using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Subsequently, the β-PbO precursor was utilized for the synthesis of PZT, offering a cost-effective alternative. The morphology of the sintered sample revealed the formation of homogeneous and uniform grains, indicative of significant densification (∼99%) of the ceramic. The sintered PZT exhibited an enhanced piezoelectric coefficient ( d 33 ) of 270 pC/N, a Q m factor of 30.94, and a dielectric constant of 1590 at ∼10 kHz. This study highlights the feasibility of using β-PbO derived from recycled lead ingots to synthesize materials, presenting a sustainable approach that contributes to technological progress and environmental conservation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".