Transforming Waste to Innovation: Sustainable Piezoelectric Properties of Pb(Ti<sub><b>0.52</b></sub>Zr<sub><b>0.48</b></sub>)O<sub><b>3</b></sub> with Recycled β-PbO Massicot
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide In this study, we present an indigenous approach to enhancing the properties of Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 by synthesizing it from β-PbO obtained from spent lead-acid batteries. Initially, β-PbO, orthorhombic massicot, was produced by two-step heating, and 99.9% lead powder was derived from recovered lead-acid batteries at 700 °C. The synthesized β-PbO was thoroughly analyzed using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Subsequently, the β-PbO precursor was utilized for the synthesis of PZT, offering a cost-effective alternative. The morphology of the sintered sample revealed the formation of homogeneous and uniform grains, indicative of significant densification (∼99%) of the ceramic. The sintered PZT exhibited an enhanced piezoelectric coefficient ( d 33 ) of 270 pC/N, a Q m factor of 30.94, and a dielectric constant of 1590 at ∼10 kHz. This study highlights the feasibility of using β-PbO derived from recycled lead ingots to synthesize materials, presenting a sustainable approach that contributes to technological progress and environmental conservation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".