A parametric study of turbulence modulation in high-Reynolds-number, particle-laden flow in a vertical pipe
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Turbulence modulation is the increase or decrease in velocity fluctuation intensity in a turbulent flow due to the presence of an additional phase. Prediction of turbulence modulation is critically important in the design of many multiphase flow processes. Several criteria exist to predict whether an increase or a decrease of turbulence will occur for a given set of flow conditions. However, most industrial flows have high Reynolds number (Re), and the existing criteria have been developed from primarily low-Re flow data. Additionally, the criteria do not predict the magnitude of turbulence modulation, but only the type. This paper presents experimental data for high-Re ( 52000 ≤ Re ≤ 320000 ) liquid pipe flow laden with large solid particles ( 0 . 5 mm ≤ d p ≤ 2 mm ) at various solids loadings ( ≤ 1.6%vol.). Using Particle Image/Tracking Velocimetry measurements, we examine the velocity statistics of each phase along the radius of the pipe. We show that the behaviour of the statistics depends significantly on radial position as well as the velocity component considered (streamwise or radial). We also evaluate the applicability of three common turbulence modulation prediction criteria and show that all three correctly predict the modulation at Re = 52000 . They do not however predict the lack of modulation at high Re or the differences between centreline and near-wall or streamwise and radial modulation.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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