Sustainable <scp>TiO<sub>2</sub></scp>/<i>Diospyros texana</i> seed‐derived activated carbon composites for rapid photodegradation of oxytetracycline and amoxicillin under visible light
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background The widespread occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic environments has emerged as a serious environmental concern due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and role in promoting antimicrobial resistance. Conventional treatment methods are often inadequate for complete antibiotic removal. Thus, developing multifunctional, sustainable materials capable of both adsorption and degradation is essential for effective water treatment. Results This study introduces a novel titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )/activated carbon (AC) composite synthesized from Diospyros texana seed biomass for efficient removal of oxytetracycline (OTC) and amoxycillin (AMX). The optimized 10 wt% TiO 2 /AC composite, prepared via an impregnation method, exhibited enhanced visible‐light photocatalytic activity and adsorption capacity. Structural characterization confirmed well‐dispersed TiO 2 nanoparticles within the macroporous AC framework, promoting effective light harvesting, charge separation, and contaminant binding. The composite demonstrated thermal stability and a point of zero charge of 7.8, facilitating pH‐dependent interactions with AMX and OTC. Under optimal conditions (pH 3 for AMX, pH 7 for OTC, 0.1 g/L composite), the system achieved rapid removal (> 90%), equilibrium within 3 min for AMX and 5 min for OTC. Performance remained stable for over 180 min and showed no significant decline even after five reuse cycles. However, increasing TiO 2 beyond 10% reduced efficiency due to pore blockage and loss of active surface area. Conclusion The synergistic integration of bio‐derived AC and TiO 2 yields a cost‐effective material for efficient antibiotic removal from water. Overall, this study offers a scalable strategy for wastewater remediation, addressing critical environmental challenges posed by pharmaceutical contaminants through rapid degradation within minutes. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".