Analyzing Prehospital Delays in Endovascular Treatment for Acute Stroke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Delayed emergency responses in patients with large vessel occlusion stroke (LVOS) are associated with reduced access to timely reperfusion therapy and worse clinical outcomes. The present study was aimed at identifying modifiable factors contributing to delays before hospital arrival in LVOS patients undergoing endovascular treatment (EVT). Methods: In this retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data, consecutive acute LVOS patients undergoing EVT at two comprehensive stroke centers between December 2020 and December 2021 were enrolled. Neurologists administered a standardized questionnaire to patients or their caregivers within 24 h after the procedure. Emergency response delay was defined as onset to groin (OTG) time, measured from symptom onset or last known normal to groin puncture, exceeding 6 h. Baseline characteristics, process times, and clinical data were collected for all enrolled patients, and factors influencing the emergency process and outcomes were analyzed. Results: Of the 366 patients initially considered, 14 with in‐hospital stroke were excluded, leaving 352 patients for analysis. The median age was 70 years (63, 76), and 135 patients (38.4%) experienced treatment delays. The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 14 (11, 18), and the median Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) was 9 (7.85, 10). Multivariate analysis identified the main modifiable factors associated with reduced emergency response delay as early calling of emergency services (odds ratio [OR] = 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22–0.76), initial consultation with a neurologist (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20–0.62), and stroke awareness (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.29–0.89). Among elderly patients and those whose stroke onset occurred during sleep, early contact with emergency services (120) significantly reduced prehospital delays (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.21–0.94 and OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.10–0.86). Conclusion: Emergency physician involvement, stroke awareness, and early calling of emergency services (120) are modifiable factors that can reduce delays in the emergency response process. For patients eligible for EVT, minimizing prehospital delays may require prioritizing both community education on stroke recognition and system‐level improvements to ensure rapid emergency activation and timely neurological assessment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".