Co‐Ordinated Observations of Multi‐Scale Irregularities Using ICEBEAR and GNSS During the May 2024 Superstorm
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present observations of plasma structuring from three meters up to hundreds of kilometers at auroral latitudes during the extreme geomagnetic storm of May 2024 using co‐ordinated observations from ICEBEAR and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers. Intense irregularities on all spatial scales co‐existed for about 4 hr between magnetic latitudes on 10 May during the storm's expansion phase when dense plasma structures and particle precipitation were simultaneously present at the dayside. Irregularities with scales of the order of few hundred meters remained weak thereafter following the depletion of the high latitude ionosphere even though particle precipitation was still ongoing. On the other hand, three meter E‐region irregularities and kilometer scale gradients persisted for about 24 hr, suggesting that both dayside and nightside auroral dynamics contributed to their sustained production. With the absence of an enhanced density reservoir and the region of particle precipitation shifted to higher latitudes, we observed a significant depletion in the irregularity occurrence across all scales in the dayside auroral region on 11 May.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".