Bedform Growth Beneath Periodic Internal Solitary Waves Propagating Through a Tidal Flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Internal solitary waves (ISWs), ubiquitous to lakes and coastal oceans, have often been proposed as a mechanism for generating subaqueous sandwaves. Yet, the physical mechanisms underlying ISW‐driven bedform growth remain poorly understood. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate bedform generation by periodic ISWs propagating through a background tidal flow. The regularly‐spaced bursts of resuspended material (wisps), that occurred behind the progressive ISW coincided with increased fluctuations in the 3‐D velocity field and bed stress. We attributed these to vortices generated by the amplification of the most unstable mode of the separated bottom boundary layer (BBL). We propose a feedback mechanism, between the BBL instability and bedforms, that leads to bedform generation: the BBL instability from a leading ISW creates spatially‐periodic bed defects that act as a source of perturbations to the BBL, amplifying the instability and subsequent bedform growth upon passage of trailing ISWs. The spacing between wisps and the bedform wavelength matched the wavelength of the most unstable mode of the BBL, as predicted by a linear stability analysis. The ISW‐induced BBL flow drives sediment resuspension and bedform generation, but these processes are modulated by the background tide. During ebb tide, the BBL currents beneath the ISW trough are reinforced by the tidal flow, increasing the local Reynolds number imposed on the BBL and the instability growth rate. The opposite interaction occurs during flood tide. The proposed feedback mechanism provides a mechanistic explanation for bedforms generated beneath periodic ISWs in a laboratory setting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".