Impact of HPV vaccination on the incidence and clearance of HPV infections in sexually active young women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination protects against new HPV infections, but seemingly no impact on the clearance of existing infections. We assessed the association between HPV vaccination and incidence and clearance of HPV infections among sexually active women in the Carrageenan-gel Against Transmission of Cervical HPV trial, conducted in Montreal, Canada (2013-2020). METHODS: Participants attended seven visits over 12 months, where they provided self-collected vaginal samples and completed questionnaires on risk factors. Participants self-reported their HPV vaccination status at screening, enrollment, and follow-up visits. Samples were genotyped for HPV using the Linear Array assay. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for incidence and clearance of HPV infections, with the unit of analysis being the HPV type. Analyses considered stringent (reported in ≥2 sources) and non-stringent (reported in ≥1 source) definitions of vaccination status. HPV types were classified as vaccine-targeted (HPVs 6/11/16/18) and non-vaccine-targeted (within-species: HPVs 31/33/35/39/44/45/52/58/59/67/68/70; cross-species: HPVs 26/34/40/42/51/53/54/56/61/62/66/69/71/72/73/81/82/83/84/89). To control for confounding, we applied inverse probability of treatment weights, based on study and participant characteristics. RESULTS: Of 461 participants, 45.8 % and 55.5 % were vaccinated according to the stringent and non-stringent definitions, respectively. Vaccination was associated with a lower risk of new HPVs 6/11/16/18 detection in the most stringent (HR = 0.41, CI:0.23-0.72) and least stringent (HR = 0.41, CI:0.23-0.72) definitions. Vaccination was not associated with incident within-species (most stringent: HR = 1.21, CI:0.90-1.64; least stringent: HR = 1.10, CI:0.82-1.48) or cross-species (most stringent: HR = 1.21, CI:0.94-1.55; least stringent: HR = 1.11, CI:0.87-1.41) HPV types. Vaccination did not impact clearance of baseline HPVs 6/11/16/18 (most stringent: HR = 1.23, CI:0.47-3.24; least stringent: HR = 1.40, CI:0.57-3.47), within-species (most stringent: HR = 1.50, CI:0.88-2.56; least stringent: HR = 1.58, CI:0.98-2.55) or cross-species HPV infections (most stringent: HR = 0.71, CI:0.49-1.03; least stringent: HR = 0.80, CI:0.56-1.16). CONCLUSION: We found that HPV vaccination is effective as a prophylactic measure but has no therapeutic effects on existing infections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".