Hysteresis in Laser Cavity-Solitons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A laser cavity-soliton (LCS) state can form in a system where a nonlinear Kerr microresonator is embedded in a fibre laser cavity, to produce an optical frequency comb in a microresonator, [1]–[3], resulting in a self-emergent, stable, and efficient microcomb [4], [5]. In general, the system can generate various states depending on specific parameter settings, with two critical parameters for achieving self-emerging solitary oscillations: gain, which controls the soliton's energy, and main cavity length, which governs the group velocity mismatch between the two nested cavities. Hysteresis is a phenomenon in which a system exhibits memory-like behaviour, allowing it to remain in one of two stable states under identical external conditions. This property is associated with bistability. A fundamental aspect of microresonator fibre laser systems is that the emergence of LCS states is intrinsically linked to slow, energy-dependent nonlinearities within the laser cavity [4]. While bistability due to fast Kerr nonlinearity has been extensively studied in soliton formation, it is less understood how the slow energy-dependent nonlinear processes affect it. Investigating this connection is crucial for optimizing the stability and tunability of microcomb states. To demonstrate hysteresis in LCS, we conducted experiments using a dedicated optical setup (Fig. 1a). By sweeping the pump power in opposite directions, we observed the formation of distinct states with different powers (Fig. 1b). Our focus was on the transition between single-soliton and two-soliton states, where we identified a bistable region exhibiting consistent hysteresis (Fig. 1b).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".